Spatial pricing of ride-sourcing services in a congested transportation network

We investigate the impacts of spatial pricing for ride-sourcing services in a Stackelberg framework considering traffic congestion. In lower level, we use combined distribution and assignment approaches to explicitly capture interactions between drivers’ relocation, riders’ mode choice, all travelers’ routing decisions. upper single transportation network company (TNC) determines strategies minimize imbalance two-sided market. show existence optimal locational minimization, propose effective algorithms with reliable convergence properties. Furthermore, is unique can be solved convex reformulation when waiting time small compared travel time. conduct numerical experiments on different scales networks TNC objectives generate policy insights how could impact systems.